{"id":5364,"date":"2022-01-19T14:54:00","date_gmt":"2022-01-19T14:54:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/?p=5364"},"modified":"2022-11-29T04:02:06","modified_gmt":"2022-11-29T04:02:06","slug":"czy-obecny-wzrost-gospodarczy-moze-byc-osiagniety-bez-wzrostu-emisji-co2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/2022\/01\/19\/czy-obecny-wzrost-gospodarczy-moze-byc-osiagniety-bez-wzrostu-emisji-co2\/","title":{"rendered":"Czy obecny wzrost gospodarczy, mo\u017ce by\u0107 osi\u0105gni\u0119ty bez wzrostu emisji dwutlenku w\u0119gla ?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"5364\" class=\"elementor elementor-5364\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1ec670b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1ec670b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c8fe963\" data-id=\"c8fe963\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec9f3e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ec9f3e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">Badania naukowe na temat &#8222;degrowth&#8221; w ramach projekt\u00f3w <strong><em>Discovery DP0985522<\/em><\/strong><\/span><strong><em><span lang=\"PL\"> i<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span lang=\"EN-US\"><strong><em> DP130101293, oraz National Research Collaboration Tools and Resources (NeCTAR)<\/em><\/strong> , wspierane przez:<\/span><\/p><ul><li><span lang=\"EN-US\">ISA, School of Physics A28, The University of Sydney w Australii;<\/span><\/li><li><span lang=\"EN-US\">Department of Environmental Systems Science nstitute for Environmental Decisions, ETH Z\u00fcrich w Szwajcarii.<br \/><\/span><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Nad czym pracuj\u0105 naukowcy?<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6776f52 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6776f52\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-693378f\" data-id=\"693378f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f52f309 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"f52f309\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b0e16cf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b0e16cf\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bececc5\" data-id=\"bececc5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-853e051 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"853e051\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Elita rz\u0105dz\u0105ca i liczni uczestnicy wielu konferencji klimatycznych nie przedstawili jak dot\u0105d \u017cadnych powa\u017cnych propozycji program\u00f3w w ramach tzw. <em>\u201edegrowth\u201d<\/em>, pomimo, \u017ce ta idea w ostatnich latach wywo\u0142uje sympati\u0119 w wielu kr\u0119gach \u2013 pocz\u0105wszy od wybitnych my\u015blicieli klimatycznych, ekonomist\u00f3w po instytuty i \u015brodowiska naukowe.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1921282 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1921282\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3d78c39\" data-id=\"3d78c39\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4eb61a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f4eb61a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ju\u017c wiele lat temu Steven Chu, kt\u00f3ry pe\u0142ni\u0142 funkcj\u0119 sekretarza ds. energii za prezydentury B. Obamy, popar\u0142 otwarcie polityk\u0119 <em>\u201eDegrowth\u201d.<br \/><\/em><\/strong> <br \/><strong>\u201e<em>Trzeba zaprojektowa\u0107 gospodark\u0119 opart\u0105 na braku wzrostu, a nawet na malej\u0105cym wzro\u015bcie, aby stawi\u0107 czo\u0142a post\u0119puj\u0105cej katastrofie klimatycznej<\/em>\u201d<\/strong> \u2013 wielokrotnie podkre\u015bla polityk.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ba55e1c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ba55e1c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0065b62\" data-id=\"0065b62\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb0ab0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eb0ab0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Ponad 11 000 naukowc\u00f3w podpisa\u0142o si\u0119 w ubieg\u0142ym roku pod listem wybitnych naukowc\u00f3w takich jak Williama Ripple&#8217;a, Christophera Wolfa, Thomasa M. Newsome\u2019a, Phoebe Barnarda, Williama R. Moomawa argumentuj\u0105c, \u017ce \u201e<em>nasze cele musz\u0105 przej\u015b\u0107 od wzrostu PKB i d\u0105\u017ceniu do zamo\u017cno\u015bci w kierunku utrzymania ekosystem\u00f3w i poprawy dobrobytu ludzi poprzez priorytetowe traktowanie ich podstawowych potrzeb i zmniejszania nier\u00f3wno\u015bci we wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnym spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwie<\/em>\u201d.<\/p><p>Siedem lat po podpisaniu porozumienia paryskiego emisje CO<sub>2<\/sub> nadal rosn\u0105. Dowody naukowe poparte licznymi badaniami przedstawi\u0142 tak\u017ce G. Peters w swojej obszernej pracy <em>\u201eCarbon dioxide emissions continue to grow amidst slowly emerging climate policies.\u00a0Nat. Clim. Change\u201d<\/em>. <br \/>Dlaczego wi\u0119c tematy te s\u0105 ci\u0105gle pomijane w przestrzeni medialnej i w\u015br\u00f3d politycznych decydent\u00f3w?<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-de36460 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"de36460\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90b1dcf\" data-id=\"90b1dcf\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-236b94d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"236b94d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Mi\u0119dzyrz\u0105dowy Zesp\u00f3\u0142 ds. Zmian Klimatu (IPCC) oraz \u015awiatowy Zwi\u0105zek Naukowc\u00f3w (AWS)\u00a0 uwa\u017caj\u0105, \u017ce obecne modele na rzecz osi\u0105gni\u0119cia celu klimatycznego opieraj\u0105 si\u0119 na <u>kontrowersyjnych ilo\u015bciach<\/u> usuwania dwutlenku w\u0119gla przy wykorzystaniu nowych technologii. Ich spostrze\u017cenia potwierdzaj\u0105 opracowania naukowe i raporty m. inn.:<\/p><ul><li><em>IPCC. Global Warming Of 1.5 \u2009\u00b0C\u2013an IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 \u2009\u00b0C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty.<\/em><\/li><li><em>Grubler, A. et al. A low energy demand scenario for meeting the 1.5 \u00b0C target and sustainable development goals without negative emission technologies.\u00a0Nat. Energy\u00a03, 515\u2013527.<\/em><\/li><li><em>Kuhnhenn, K. Economic growth in mitigation scenarios: a blind spot in climate science.\u00a0<\/em><\/li><li><em>T. Parrique et al.\u00a0Decoupling debunked: evidence and arguments against green growth as a sole strategy for sustainability (2019).<\/em><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-92ec927 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"92ec927\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-423d66f\" data-id=\"423d66f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed62087 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed62087\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Wiadomo \u017ce ci\u0105g\u0142y wzrost PKB jest powszechnie powi\u0105zany z rosn\u0105cymi wyzwaniami wzrostu zu\u017cycia energii i materia\u0142\u00f3w, a ich <\/strong>ograniczenie musia\u0142oby negatywnie wp\u0142yn\u0105\u0107 na przysz\u0142e tempo wzrostu gospodarczego.<\/p><p>Zale\u017cno\u015b\u0107 wzrostu PKB od energii poparta jest tak\u017ce dowodami empirycznymi\u00a0 K.Kuhnhenna i H. Haberla J. Barreta i trudno jest polemizowa\u0107 z tymi kt\u00f3rzy twierdz\u0105 inaczej. Im proponujemy zapoznanie si\u0119 z kilkoma po\u017cytecznymi i ciekawymi opracowaniami naukowymi:<\/p><ul><li><em>Kuhnhenn, K. Economic growth in mitigation scenarios: a blind spot in climate science. Heinrich B\u00f6ll;<\/em><\/li><\/ul><ul><li><em>Haberl, H. et al. A systematic review of the evidence on decoupling of GDP, resource use and GHG emissions, part II: synthesizing the insights. Environ. Res. Lett. 15, 065003 (2020);<\/em><\/li><li><em>Sakai, M., Brockway, P. E., Barrett, J. R. &amp; Taylor, P. G. Thermodynamic efficiency gains and their role as a key \u2018Engine of Economic Growth\u2019. Energies 12, 110 (2019).<\/em><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1334ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1334ca\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-db6a90c\" data-id=\"db6a90c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5202d05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5202d05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Ograniczony wzrost gospodarczy jest definiowany jako <em>\u201esprawiedliwe zmniejszanie przep\u0142ywu energii i zasob\u00f3w przez gospodark\u0119, silnie powi\u0105zanych z PKB, przy jednoczesnym zapewnieniu dobrobytu\u201d<\/em> &#8211; podsumowuje G. Kallis w swoim opracowaniu<em> \u201eResearch on degrowth\u201d &#8211; Kallis, G. et al. Research on degrowth.\u00a0Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour.\u00a043, 291\u2013316 (2018)<\/em>\u201d.<\/p><p>Inne prace z 2020 i 2021 r. tak\u017ce poruszaj\u0105 to zagadnienie i s\u0105 wielce pouczaj\u0105ce rzucaj\u0105c obiektywne \u015bwiat\u0142o na szkodliw\u0105 zale\u017cno\u015b\u0107 konsumpcjonizmu, czy energii od wzrostu gospodarczego w krajach wysoko rozwini\u0119tych:<\/p><ul><li><em>J. Hickela i G. Kallisa \u2013 \u201cIs green growth possible?\u201d New Political Econ. 25, 469\u2013486, 2020 r.;<\/em><\/li><li><em>H. Haberla \u2013 \u201cA systematic review of the evidence on decoupling of GDP, resource use and GHG emissions, part II: synthesizing the insights. Environ. Res. Lett. 15, 065003 z 2020 r.;<\/em><\/li><li><em>P. Brockway\u2019ea, S. Sorrell, M. Heuna I V. Court w pracy \u201dEnergy efficiency and economy-wide rebound effects: a review of the evidence and its implications.\u00a0Renew. Sustain, rser.2021.110781\u00a0z 2021r.<\/em><\/li><\/ul><p><br \/>Co wi\u0119cej, badania te pokazuj\u0105, \u017ce aby ograniczenia wzrostu gospodarczego nie prowadzi\u0142y do \u200b\u200bspo\u0142ecznie szkodliwych i niesprawiedliwych skutk\u00f3w recesji, konieczne b\u0119dzie dokonanie g\u0142\u0119bokich zmian spo\u0142eczno-gospodarczych i reform politycznych, takich jak powszechne us\u0142ugi bez kwot wolnych od podatk\u00f3w, ograniczenie dochod\u00f3w najbogatszych, skr\u00f3cenie czasu pracy i demokratyczna w\u0142asno\u015b\u0107 przedsi\u0119biorstw.<\/p><p>O tych i innych aspektach mo\u017cemy dowiedzie\u0107 si\u0119 w opracowaniu naukowym M. B\u00fcchsa i M. Kocha \u2013 \u201eB\u00fcchs, M. &amp; Koch, M. &#8211; &#8222;<em>Challenges for the degrowth transition: the debate about wellbeing. Futures 105, 155\u2013165\u201d.<\/em><\/p><p>Jak wida\u0107, o wadze istoty tego problemu \u015bwiadczy zaanga\u017cowanie si\u0119 naukowc\u00f3w w prowadzone badania nad ograniczonym wzrostem gospodarczym i jego wp\u0142ywie na zr\u00f3wnowa\u017cony rozw\u00f3j.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ff26394 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ff26394\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-65b03d0\" data-id=\"65b03d0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5868498 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"5868498\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fab fa-stack-overflow\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-637ba9f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"637ba9f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b4981d6\" data-id=\"b4981d6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42330d2 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"42330d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-834042e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"834042e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3c99e61\" data-id=\"3c99e61\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-413f4bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-obfx-posts-grid\" data-id=\"413f4bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"obfx-posts-grid.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"obfx-grid\"><div class=\"obfx-grid-container obfx-grid-mobile-1 obfx-grid-tablet-2 obfx-grid-desktop-1\"><div class=\"obfx-grid-wrapper\"><article class=\"obfx-grid-col obfx-no-image\"><div class=\"obfx-grid-col-content\">\t\t\t<h5 class=\"entry-title obfx-grid-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/2021\/12\/12\/publiczna-krytyka-pkb-przez-noblistow-josepha-stiglitza-i-amarty-sena\/\" title=\"Publiczna krytyka PKB przez noblist\u00f3w &#8211; Josepha Stiglitza i Amarty Sena\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPubliczna krytyka PKB przez noblist\u00f3w &#8211; Josepha Stiglitza i Amarty Sena\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"entry-meta obfx-grid-meta\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"obfx-grid-categories\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fas fa-bookmark\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"obfx-grid-categories-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/category\/edukacja-plus\/\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t   title=\"Edukacja plus\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEdukacja plus\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"entry-content obfx-grid-content\">\n\t\t\t\tDefinicja i metody stoj\u0105ce za wykorzystywaniem PKB jako wska\u017anika wzrostu gospodarczego by\u0142y ju\u017c kwestionowane od lat siedemdziesi\u0105tych&hellip;\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/article><\/div><div class=\"obfx-grid-wrapper\"><article class=\"obfx-grid-col obfx-no-image\"><div class=\"obfx-grid-col-content\">\t\t\t<h5 class=\"entry-title obfx-grid-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/2021\/11\/28\/pkb-nie-moze-byc-obecnie-wskaznikiem-dobrobytu-gospodarczego\/\" title=\"PKB nie mo\u017ce by\u0107 obecnie wska\u017anikiem dobrobytu gospodarczego\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPKB nie mo\u017ce by\u0107 obecnie wska\u017anikiem dobrobytu gospodarczego\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"entry-meta obfx-grid-meta\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"obfx-grid-categories\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fas fa-bookmark\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"obfx-grid-categories-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/category\/edukacja-plus\/\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t   title=\"Edukacja plus\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEdukacja plus\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"entry-content obfx-grid-content\">\n\t\t\t\tNaukowy Instytut Badawczy Credit Suisse analizuje w swoich raportach g\u0142\u00f3wne problemy zwi\u0105zane z mierzeniem dobrobytu gospodarczego na&hellip;\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/article><\/div><div class=\"obfx-grid-wrapper\"><article class=\"obfx-grid-col obfx-no-image\"><div class=\"obfx-grid-col-content\">\t\t\t<h5 class=\"entry-title obfx-grid-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/2021\/10\/21\/dlaczego-pkb-stoi-w-sprzecznosci-ze-srodowiskiem-naturalnym\/\" title=\"Dlaczego PKB stoi w sprzeczno\u015bci ze \u015brodowiskiem naturalnym?\">\n\t\t\t\t\tDlaczego PKB stoi w sprzeczno\u015bci ze \u015brodowiskiem naturalnym?\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"entry-meta obfx-grid-meta\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"obfx-grid-categories\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fas fa-bookmark\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"obfx-grid-categories-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/category\/edukacja-plus\/\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t   title=\"Edukacja plus\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEdukacja plus\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"entry-content obfx-grid-content\">\n\t\t\t\tChocia\u017c czynniki \u015brodowiskowe maj\u0105 wp\u0142yw na nasz\u0105 gospodark\u0119, nie s\u0105 one w\u0142\u0105czane do PKB w spos\u00f3b celowy,&hellip;\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/article><\/div><div class=\"obfx-grid-wrapper\"><article class=\"obfx-grid-col obfx-no-image\"><div class=\"obfx-grid-col-content\">\t\t\t<h5 class=\"entry-title obfx-grid-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/2021\/01\/22\/dziwna-wspolczesna-ekonomia-czerpania-zyskow-z-katastrof-naturalnych-ktora-zwieksza-pkb\/\" title=\"Dziwna wsp\u00f3\u0142czesna ekonomia czerpania zysk\u00f3w z katastrof naturalnych, kt\u00f3ra zwi\u0119ksza PKB\">\n\t\t\t\t\tDziwna wsp\u00f3\u0142czesna ekonomia czerpania zysk\u00f3w z katastrof naturalnych, kt\u00f3ra zwi\u0119ksza PKB\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"entry-meta obfx-grid-meta\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"obfx-grid-categories\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fas fa-bookmark\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"obfx-grid-categories-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/category\/edukacja-plus\/\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t   title=\"Edukacja plus\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEdukacja plus\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"entry-content obfx-grid-content\">\n\t\t\t\tKatastrofy ekologiczne mog\u0105 r\u00f3wnie\u017c zwi\u0119ksza\u0107 PKB przynajmniej w perspektywie kr\u00f3tkoterminowej.&nbsp;Dwa miesi\u0105ce po tym, jak w Zatoce Meksyka\u0144skiej&hellip;\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/article><\/div><div class=\"obfx-grid-wrapper\"><article class=\"obfx-grid-col obfx-no-image\"><div class=\"obfx-grid-col-content\">\t\t\t<h5 class=\"entry-title obfx-grid-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/2020\/11\/06\/pkb-a-poczucie-niesprawiedliwosci-spolecznej\/\" title=\"PKB a poczucie niesprawiedliwo\u015bci spo\u0142ecznej\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPKB a poczucie niesprawiedliwo\u015bci spo\u0142ecznej\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"entry-meta obfx-grid-meta\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"obfx-grid-categories\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fas fa-bookmark\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"obfx-grid-categories-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/category\/edukacja-plus\/\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t   title=\"Edukacja plus\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEdukacja plus\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"entry-content obfx-grid-content\">\n\t\t\t\tPo utracie kontaktu z opini\u0105 publiczn\u0105, urz\u0119dnicy w Pary\u017cu, Hongkongu i Santiago nie przewidzieli, \u017ce pozornie skromne&hellip;\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/article><\/div><\/div><!-- .obfx-grid-container --><\/div><!-- .obfx-grid -->\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Badania naukowe na temat &#8222;degrowth&#8221; w ramach projekt\u00f3w Discovery DP0985522 i DP130101293, oraz National Research Collaboration Tools and Resources (NeCTAR) , wspierane przez: ISA, School of Physics A28, The University of Sydney w Australii; Department of Environmental Systems Science nstitute for Environmental Decisions, ETH Z\u00fcrich w Szwajcarii. Nad czym pracuj\u0105 naukowcy? Elita rz\u0105dz\u0105ca i liczni&hellip;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/2020\/11\/06\/pkb-a-poczucie-niesprawiedliwosci-spolecznej\/\" class=\"\" rel=\"bookmark\">Read More &raquo;<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">PKB a poczucie niesprawiedliwo\u015bci spo\u0142ecznej<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":5363,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":""},"categories":[56],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5364"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5364"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5364\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5750,"href":"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5364\/revisions\/5750"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5363"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5364"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5364"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5364"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}