{"id":3603,"date":"2022-04-29T21:58:00","date_gmt":"2022-04-29T21:58:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/?p=3603"},"modified":"2022-06-29T08:12:49","modified_gmt":"2022-06-29T08:12:49","slug":"jaka-bedzie-nowa-mapa-powiazan-globalnych-w-zmieniajacym-sie-swiecie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/2022\/04\/29\/jaka-bedzie-nowa-mapa-powiazan-globalnych-w-zmieniajacym-sie-swiecie\/","title":{"rendered":"Jaka b\u0119dzie nowa mapa powi\u0105za\u0144 globalnych w zmieniaj\u0105cym si\u0119 \u015bwiecie?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3603\" class=\"elementor elementor-3603\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-16c68e1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"16c68e1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dd767cc\" data-id=\"dd767cc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-217ba5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"217ba5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Szefowa Mi\u0119dzynarodowego Funduszu Walutowego, Christine Lagarde, podczas publicznego forum zorganizowanego przez Instytut Spraw Globalnych im. Madeleine Korbel Albright w Wellesley College#<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7f27cdc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7f27cdc\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5c6b75c\" data-id=\"5c6b75c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29b2956 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"29b2956\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<blockquote><p>Wojna rosyjsko-ukrai\u0144ska nie tylko rzuci\u0142a cie\u0144 na Europ\u0119, ale tak\u017ce postawi\u0142a kilka pyta\u0144 o to, dok\u0105d zmierza \u015bwiatowa gospodarka w XXI wieku.\u00a0Zmiany, kt\u00f3re obserwujemy, mog\u0105 oznacza\u0107, \u017ce nadchodz\u0105 niepewne czasy dla handlu i dalszego wzrostu gospodarczego na \u015bwiecie.<\/p><\/blockquote>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7f9f41e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7f9f41e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-54ad6e1\" data-id=\"54ad6e1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e948f18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e948f18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Konsekwencje gospodarcze rosyjskiej inwazji na Ukrain\u0119 mog\u0105 oznacza\u0107 decyduj\u0105cy moment dla globalizacji w XXI wieku \u2013 powiedzia\u0142a prezes EBC Christine Lagarde w swoim przem\u00f3wieniu programowym w \u201e<em>Peterson Institute for International Economics<\/em>\u201d w dniu 22 kwietnia tego roku.<\/p><p>Obecnie rosn\u0105ce napi\u0119cia geopolityczne oznaczaj\u0105, \u017ce nasza \u015bwiatowa gospodarka si\u0119 zmienia w wyniku czego sojusze tworz\u0105 now\u0105 globaln\u0105 map\u0119 relacji gospodarczych.<\/p><p>\u201e<em>Jest jeszcze za wcze\u015bnie, aby powiedzie\u0107, jak to si\u0119 rozegra, ale ju\u017c teraz wida\u0107 pojawienie si\u0119 trzech wyra\u017anych zmian.\u00a0To s\u0105 zmiany od zale\u017cno\u015bci po dywersyfikacj\u0119, od wydajno\u015bci po bezpiecze\u0144stwo i od globalizacji po regionalizacj\u0119<\/em>\u201d \u2013 powiedzia\u0142a Prezes EBC.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b830d1d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b830d1d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-95ccc99\" data-id=\"95ccc99\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-885ae94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"885ae94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>D\u0105\u017cenie do zwi\u0119kszenia wydajno\u015bci spowodowa\u0142o, \u017ce globalne \u0142a\u0144cuchy dostaw rozkwit\u0142y wraz z rosn\u0105c\u0105 fal\u0105 handlu, a produkcja by\u0142a coraz bardziej rozdzielana ponad granicami. Obecnie oko\u0142o po\u0142owa \u015bwiatowego handlu jest zwi\u0105zana z globalnym \u0142a\u0144cuchem warto\u015bci, czyli dzia\u0142aniami GVC (Global value chains) \u2013 informuje seria dokument\u00f3w roboczych bada\u0144 o polityce Banku \u015awiatowego.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-86aa16e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"86aa16e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-38736e5\" data-id=\"38736e5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c80c86e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c80c86e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #808080;\">Wi\u0119cej w dokumencie:<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em><a style=\"color: #ff0000; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/bitstream\/handle\/10986\/36314\/Countries-and-Sectors-in-Global-Value-Chains.pdf?sequence=6&amp;isAllowed=y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u201ePomiar ekspozycji na ryzyko w globalnych \u0142a\u0144cuchach warto\u015bci\u00a0 nr 9785) (Borin, A., Mancini M. i Taglioni, D. (2021)&#8221;.<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fa92b25 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fa92b25\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b7d15a0\" data-id=\"b7d15a0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abe9d7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"abe9d7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Szczeg\u00f3lnie Europa skorzysta\u0142a na globalizacji.\u00a0Handel jako udzia\u0142 w PKB wzr\u00f3s\u0142 w strefie euro z 31 proc. do 54 proc. w latach 1999\u20132019, podczas gdy w Stanach Zjednoczonych wzr\u00f3s\u0142 z zaledwie 23 proc. do 26 proc. \u2013 przedstawi\u0142a w swoim wyk\u0142adzie \u201eGlobalizacja po pandemii\u201d16 pa\u017adziernika 2021 r. <em>Lagarde, C podczas dorocznych spotka\u0144 MFW. <\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f6c5a0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f6c5a0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4672ed3\" data-id=\"4672ed3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89ccf5c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89ccf5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\">Wi\u0119cej w dokumencie:<\/span> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em><a style=\"color: #ff0000; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ecb.europa.eu\/press\/key\/date\/2021\/html\/ecb.sp211016~25550329d5.en.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">&#8222;Globalizacja po pandemii&#8221;<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-17eb25a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"17eb25a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f60c992\" data-id=\"f60c992\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a27aad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a27aad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Korzy\u015bci ekonomiczne z tego wszystkiego by\u0142y realne.\u00a0Integracja z globalnymi \u0142a\u0144cuchami warto\u015bci doprowadzi\u0142a do ni\u017cszych cen importowych, rozprzestrzeniania si\u0119 technologii i wzrostu wydajno\u015bci wynikaj\u0105cego z mi\u0119dzynarodowego podzia\u0142u pracy.<br \/>Bank \u015awiatowy stwierdza, \u017ce \u200b\u200bwzrost udzia\u0142u w globalnych \u0142a\u0144cuchach warto\u015bci (GVC) o 1 proc. wi\u0105\u017ce si\u0119 w d\u0142u\u017cszej perspektywie ze wzrostem dochodu per capita o ponad 1 proc.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94e8cf5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94e8cf5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b4e0f59\" data-id=\"b4e0f59\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92a1416 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"92a1416\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em><a style=\"color: #ff0000; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/wdr2020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #808080; text-decoration: underline;\">Dokument Banku \u015awiatowego (2020):<\/span> \u201e World Development Report 2020: Trading for Development in the Age of Global Value Chains\u201d&#8221;Globalizacja po pandemii&#8221;<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-738b8c0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"738b8c0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7a9771c\" data-id=\"7a9771c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c5f372 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9c5f372\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Jednak w ostatnich latach pojawi\u0142y si\u0119 dwa czynniki, kt\u00f3re obna\u017caj\u0105 s\u0142abe punkty tego modelu.<\/p><p><strong><u>Po pierwsze<\/u><\/strong>:<br \/>wykazano, \u017ce wzrost wydajno\u015bci zwi\u0105zany z rozwojem produkcji jest podatny na ryzyko.\u00a0Globalne \u0142a\u0144cuchy dostaw sta\u0142y si\u0119 r\u00f3wnie\u017c niezwykle podatne na zak\u0142\u00f3cenia w obliczu globalnych wstrz\u0105s\u00f3w, kt\u00f3re dotykaj\u0105 wiele sektor\u00f3w jednocze\u015bnie. Temat ten zosta\u0142 bardzo dobrze przedstawiony w raporcie National Bureau of Economic Research \u201eRyzyko i globalne \u0142a\u0144cuchy dostaw: co wiemy i co musimy wiedzie\u0107 \u201d, (seria dokument\u00f3w roboczych nr 29444, pa\u017adziernik).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0c86e54 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0c86e54\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e12bff5\" data-id=\"e12bff5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f65430 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f65430\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #808080;\">Wi\u0119cej Seria dokument\u00f3w roboczych NBER\u00a0, nr 29444, pa\u017adziernik 2021 Baldwin, R. i Freeman, R.<\/span><em> \u201e<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><a style=\"color: #ff0000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w29444\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ryzyko i globalne \u0142a\u0144cuchy dostaw: co wiemy i co musimy wiedzie\u0107<\/a><\/span><\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0440052 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0440052\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4371b99\" data-id=\"4371b99\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf1a051 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cf1a051\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>W rzeczywisto\u015bci, jak widzieli\u015bmy podczas pandemii, globalne \u0142a\u0144cuchy warto\u015bci przenosi\u0142y i wzmacnia\u0142y globalne wstrz\u0105sy, zwi\u0119kszy\u0142y spadek \u015bwiatowego importu i eksportu o 25 proc.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-40d2da2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"40d2da2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-718c0b6\" data-id=\"718c0b6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3175d20 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3175d20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #808080;\">Wi\u0119cej: \u00a0Seria Occasional Paper, nr 289, EBC, Frankfurt nad Menem, stycze\u0144 2022,Cigna, S., Gunnella, V. i Quaglietti, L.<\/span> \u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ecb.europa.eu\/pub\/pdf\/scpops\/ecb.op289~95a0e7d24f.en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><em>Globalne \u0142a\u0144cuchy warto\u015bci: pomiary, trendy i czynniki<\/em><\/span><\/a>&#8222;.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70df699 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70df699\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-34cb499\" data-id=\"34cb499\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8349f58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8349f58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Natomiast w fazie o\u017cywienia niedopasowania mi\u0119dzy rosn\u0105cym \u015bwiatowym popytem a ograniczon\u0105 poda\u017c\u0105 przyczyni\u0142y si\u0119 do gwa\u0142townego wzrostu inflacji towar\u00f3w przemys\u0142owych.\u00a0<\/p><p>Jak si\u0119 okazuje po pandemii, to te w\u0105skie gard\u0142a w dostawach przyczyni\u0142y si\u0119 do wzrostu inflacji cen producent\u00f3w w przemy\u015ble w strefie euro i w innych krajach podkre\u015bla MFW.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-228d0f3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"228d0f3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-58b3663\" data-id=\"58b3663\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c829f16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c829f16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #808080;\">Wi\u0119cej <\/span>w dokumentach <em><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><a style=\"color: #ff0000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/WP\/Issues\/2022\/02\/15\/Supply-Bottlenecks-Where-Why-How-Much-and-What-Next-513188\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nr 2022\/031 <\/a><\/span>(<\/em><em>Celasun, O., Hansen, NJ., Mineshima, A., Spector, M. i Zhou.\u00a0<\/em><em>J (2022).<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b58d3ee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b58d3ee\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5df4305\" data-id=\"5df4305\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc08d06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dc08d06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><strong><u>Po drugie<\/u><\/strong>:<br \/>sta\u0142o si\u0119 jasne, w jakim stopniu globalna produkcja opiera si\u0119 na krytycznych surowcach pozyskiwanych z zaledwie kilku kraj\u00f3w \u2013 uk\u0142ad, kt\u00f3ry szybko sta\u0142 si\u0119 s\u0142abym punktem, gdy zmienia si\u0119 geopolityka, a kraje o r\u00f3\u017cnych celach strategicznych staj\u0105 si\u0119 bardziej ryzykownymi partnerami handlowymi.\u00a0<\/p><p>Na przyk\u0142ad Bia\u0142y Dom w opracowaniu \u201e Budowanie odpornych \u0142a\u0144cuch\u00f3w dostaw, rewitalizacja ameryka\u0144skiej produkcji i wspieranie szeroko zakrojonego wzrostu\u201d, oszacowa\u0142 \u017ce Chiny <u>kontroluj\u0105 ponad po\u0142ow\u0119 \u015bwiatowych zdolno\u015bci wydobywczych pierwiastk\u00f3w ziem rzadkich w 2020 r. i 85% rafinacji pierwiastk\u00f3w ziem rzadkich.<\/u><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7d46907 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7d46907\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-514ce44\" data-id=\"514ce44\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4c0fd3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b4c0fd3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #808080;\">Wi\u0119cej: \u00a0Bia\u0142y Dom (2021),<\/span> \u201e<em><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><a style=\"color: #ff0000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/100-day-supply-chain-review-report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Budowanie odpornych \u0142a\u0144cuch\u00f3w dostaw, rewitalizacja ameryka\u0144skiej produkcji i wspieranie szeroko zakrojonego wzrostu<\/a><\/span><\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-650dc1a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"650dc1a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-881a7c2\" data-id=\"881a7c2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3200c9b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3200c9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>W przypadku Europy Komisja Europejska ustali\u0142a, na podstawie roboczego dokumentu \u201e Zale\u017cno\u015bci Strategiczne i zdolno\u015bci\u201d z 5 maja 2021 r.,\u00a0 \u017ce \u200b\u200b34 produkty u\u017cywane w UE s\u0105 wyj\u0105tkowo nara\u017cone na zak\u0142\u00f3cenia \u0142a\u0144cucha dostaw ze wzgl\u0119du na ich niski potencja\u0142 dywersyfikacji i substytucji wewn\u0105trz Unii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-633821f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"633821f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5657733\" data-id=\"5657733\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-726b6e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"726b6e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #808080;\">Wi\u0119cej: Dokument roboczy s\u0142u\u017cb Komisji , 5 maja 2021, Komisja Europejska,<br \/><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><em><a style=\"color: #ff0000;\" href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/sites\/default\/files\/strategic-dependencies-capacities.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u201e Zale\u017cno\u015bci strategiczne i zdolno\u015bci \u201d.<\/a><\/em><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c80084f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c80084f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ed4c0a6\" data-id=\"ed4c0a6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bdad353 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bdad353\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>A ta podatno\u015b\u0107 sta\u0142a si\u0119 bardziej widoczna w wyniku wojny rosyjsko-ukrai\u0144skiej.<\/p><p>Strefa euro jest silnie uzale\u017cniona od Rosji m.in. z powodu <strong>kobaltu i wanadu<\/strong>.\u00a0<br \/>S\u0105 to kluczowe dane wej\u015bciowe dla bran\u017cy druku 3D, dron\u00f3w i robotyki.\u00a0A Ukraina odpowiada za oko\u0142o jedn\u0105 pi\u0105t\u0105 europejskich dostaw wi\u0105zek przewod\u00f3w do samochod\u00f3w wg. Informacji <em>Financial Times z 16 marca 2022 r.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fc2af28 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fc2af28\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c7c5b68\" data-id=\"c7c5b68\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47c960f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47c960f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Financial Times (2022), \u201e<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><em><a style=\"color: #ff0000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/1d0522d0-5bb2-4c49-8978-6fb99fec7e24\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Europejskie fabryki samochod\u00f3w zatrzymane z powodu braku taniego ukrai\u0144skiego komponentu \u201d<\/a><\/em><\/span>,<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-be3ba0a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"be3ba0a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-45edddb\" data-id=\"45edddb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5813a74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5813a74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Te dwa czynniki podkre\u015bli\u0142y, \u017ce wcze\u015bniejszy post\u0119p globalizacji w du\u017cej mierze opiera\u0142 si\u0119 na scenariuszu wzgl\u0119dnej stabilno\u015bci gospodarczej i geopolitycznej.\u00a0Gospodarki mog\u0142yby jednak podlega\u0107 ogromnej zmienno\u015bci, gdyby szoki mia\u0142y charakter globalny i by\u0142y skorelowane oraz gdyby wyst\u0119powa\u0142y nadmierne uzale\u017cnienia od poszczeg\u00f3lnych dostawc\u00f3w.<\/p><p>Tak wi\u0119c wiele kraj\u00f3w staje teraz przed pytaniem, jak zareagowa\u0107 na te nowe luki.\u00a0<\/p><p>Odpowiedzi\u0105 nie jest wycofywanie si\u0119 w naszych granicach i wznoszenie barier handlowych.\u00a0Historia pokazuje, \u017ce wycofywanie si\u0119 z handlu \u015bwiatowego wi\u0105\u017ce si\u0119 ze znacznymi kosztami.\u00a0Jedno z bada\u0144 pokazuje, \u017ce embargo na\u0142o\u017cone przez Stany Zjednoczone na \u017ceglug\u0119 mi\u0119dzynarodow\u0105 w 1808 r. kosztowa\u0142o oko\u0142o 8% ich produktu narodowego brutto.<\/p><p>Zamiast ogranicza\u0107 handel, powinni\u015bmy pracowa\u0107 nad zwi\u0119kszeniem bezpiecze\u0144stwa handlu i przemy\u015ble\u0107 form\u0119 dotychczasowej globalizacji.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Szefowa Mi\u0119dzynarodowego Funduszu Walutowego, Christine Lagarde, podczas publicznego forum zorganizowanego przez Instytut Spraw Globalnych im. Madeleine Korbel Albright w Wellesley College# Wojna rosyjsko-ukrai\u0144ska nie tylko rzuci\u0142a cie\u0144 na Europ\u0119, ale tak\u017ce postawi\u0142a kilka pyta\u0144 o to, dok\u0105d zmierza \u015bwiatowa gospodarka w XXI wieku.&nbsp;Zmiany, kt\u00f3re obserwujemy, mog\u0105 oznacza\u0107, \u017ce nadchodz\u0105 niepewne czasy dla handlu i dalszego&hellip;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/2022\/04\/29\/jaka-bedzie-nowa-mapa-powiazan-globalnych-w-zmieniajacym-sie-swiecie\/\" class=\"\" rel=\"bookmark\">Read More &raquo;<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Jaka b\u0119dzie nowa mapa powi\u0105za\u0144 globalnych w zmieniaj\u0105cym si\u0119 \u015bwiecie?<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3604,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":""},"categories":[20,21],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3603"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3603"}],"version-history":[{"count":21,"href":"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3603\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4274,"href":"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3603\/revisions\/4274"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3604"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3603"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3603"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kapitalnarodu.pl\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3603"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}